SQL Tutorial |
Authored by: Nellie Jones
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SQL stands for Structured Query Language and is pronounced either
ess-que-el or
sequel. It is the language used by relational database management systems (RDBMS) to access and manipulate data and to create, structure and destroy databases and database objects.
Brief History of
SQL
In 1970, Dr. E.F. Codd published "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," an article that outlined a model for storing and manipulating data using tables. Shortly after Codd's article was published, IBM began working on creating a relational database. Between 1979 and 1982, Oracle (then Relational Software, Inc.), Relational Technology, Inc. (later acquired by Computer Associates), and IBM all put out commercial relational databases, and by 1986 they all were using SQL as the data query language.
In 1986, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standardized SQL. This standard was updated in 1989, in 1992 (called SQL2), and again in 1999 (called SQL3). Standard SQL is sometimes called ANSI SQL or SQL92. All major relational databases support this standard but each has its own proprietary extensions. Unless otherwise noted, the SQL taught in this course is the standard ANSI SQL.
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